Thursday 28 February 2019

How The Ordinary Answered Our Skin Care Woes and Changed an Industry

Do people still consider pursuing beauty a superficial act? At 13, I followed a strict skin care routine behind closed doors. But outwardly, my only personality, from Quicksilver shirts to Avril Lavigne hair, was rejecting physical beauty standards. Beauty, as middle school me understood it, was shallow and cheap.

But as I got older, beauty, specifically my skin care routine, became a source of security.

While I tried to find my community in university, my skin stayed the same. When I studied abroad in London and turned down a cigarette from a successful playwright, a few years my junior, she said, “Of course you don’t smoke. Your skin is too nice.” When I started smoking due to a high-pressure internship, my skin care routine still brought order in my chaotic LA life.

Over the past two years, I’ve come to understand that beauty is rarely a self-serving end goal. For most people I know, and the hundreds of thousands I’ve virtually encountered, beauty is a long journey where we tackle multiple routes of healing. A routine is curated, developed, and enacted in hopes of lessening the mental load that people’s reaction to our appearances take on us.

In some ways it’s about simultaneously decreasing the value “looks” have and increasing the confidence we have in ourselves. We’re constantly bombarded with messages that we need no wrinkles or just a few “happy” wrinkles to look natural; bigger lips or undetectably plump lips; higher cheekbones or highlighted cheekbones.


A condition is never just acne. With every skin concern, there are layers to carry, stigmas that dive under our skin and convince us our core is imperfect until our skin isn’t.

Beauty, and specifically beauty via control, doesn’t come easy
Anyone who has spent five minutes in Sephora knows how overwhelming selecting skin care is. You can go in with a problem in mind, swatch, test, and read the ingredient list until your senses are overwhelmed. But ultimately, I’ve found that all brands and products are shouting the same message, “I work!” And between all that visual screaming, it’s hard to decipher exactly why I should trust the copy.

I used to base it on recommendations and reviews, sample sizes, and my wallet. I’d follow the familiar pattern most skin care and makeup aficionados are familiar with: I researched, tested, and most importantly, budgeted.


Then The Ordinary came along, asking we consider skin care differently.

“[After The Ordinary] a lot more consumers were interested in the science behind how skin care products work, and there was a lot more demand for more technical knowledge,” says Michelle Wong, reputed blogger behind the science beauty site Lab Muffin.

This focus on individual ingredients was the beginning of a new trend (that could be said started from the boom of Reddit’s educational subreddit Skincare Addiction, which many beauty outlets borrowed from to create performing stories) of understanding how science, not hype, could give the answer to healthy skin.

Before we dive into The Ordinary, we have to acknowledge Brandon Truaxe
Truaxe, the brain behind The Ordinary and its parent company, Deciem, passed away earlier this year. Although toward the end of his life he was known more for his behavior on social media, his rise to fame and impact on the beauty industry is stuff of the American dream. (For the record, Truaxe was Canadian, but dictating international cultural impact often requires success in the United States.)

Truaxe reportedly approached marketing differently than other beauty or skin care brands. According to (now-shelved) Racked, The Ordinary spent no money on advertising, except on social media. Truaxe has also famously rejected the status quo, calling the beauty industry “a scam.”

And he crafted his products to reflect this belief. From packaging to single-ingredient marketing, Truaxe understood what we ultimately desire when dabbling in skin care: consumer confidence.

While Wong has noticed a difference in how consumers approach beauty, she also sees a change in how other brands market their products. “There were brands that marketed based on the scientific benefits of their ingredients before, but there’s been a lot more focus on individual ingredients and what they do,” she says.


Even within Deciem’s other brands (NIOD, Hylamide, Hand Chemistry, to name 3 of 10), none focused on single-ingredient marketing. On top of that, they weren’t an affordable answer to experimentation and research. If beauty is about control every single step of the way, then brands can’t just promise an end goal. They have to make it accessible from the start, too.

And that’s how The Ordinary helped us understand beauty as so much more
Hopping on The Ordinary bandwagon sends a message different than being a fan of any other beauty brand. It changed the game of product recommendations because it didn’t restrict people’s access to healthier skin. When I recommend their hyaluronic acid, I don’t have to make my friends feel like the answer is out of their budget. They can take a look at the packaging and understand what makes the product work.

Wong agrees this was a factor for success in The Ordinary’s approach: “I think the two main reasons were that the low price made active ingredients a lot more accessible, so the number of consumers who were interested in trying out more powerful skin care ingredients increased, and that their product names didn’t shy away from technical terminology, so everyone became a lot more familiar with ingredient names.”

Ultimately, The Ordinary appeals to the ultimate wellness mindset — making informed health decisions — but they also offer people the chance to dabble in what makes skin care fun: experimenting and splurging.

For $50, I can layer and test five different products and oils. I can stick with a single-ingredient bottle and figure out if it really works. And if it does, I now know what to look for in other products and feel smarter about my purchases.

But more than ever, The Ordinary changed how beauty brands communicate with us
“There’s also been a sharp increase in the brands that are marketing using the veneer of ‘science’ to try to legitimize themselves, even when the scientific evidence doesn’t support what they’re saying,” Wong warns. “There’s also an increase in brands educating people about skin care science and getting it very wrong.”

One example that comes to mind is the rise of CBD and brands using the term “cannabis sativa seed oil.” By never saying hemp oil, which isn’t the same as CBD or hemp CBD, and placing the word cannabis next to words like “high” or images or a marijuana plant, the intention is misled.

However, I think there are still cumulative benefits to this change.

As a teenager, I understood the magic of Clean & Clear was the promise that it would clear my skin. As an informed reader, I know it’s because of the core ingredient salicylic acid.

Today, the active ingredient doesn’t get lost in the fine print. It’s often highlighted front and center on the bottle, if not in the title of the product itself. For example, when you visit Clean & Clear’s website, you’re met with an ad that boasts the core ingredients of its latest line, lemon and vitamin C.

Another one of my favorite, newer skin care brands, Reissue, exponentially grew their Instagram following through product and ingredient education.

As consumers get smarter and more knowledgeable about creating their own expectations, beauty will become less superficial.

And after all, what is beauty but pleasure?

Finding pleasure, whether in the routine or reshaping, isn’t superficial. If you perceive it as a pursuit for more, you could also see it as a chase for less — less pain, less burden, and less stress. What I know about The Ordinary, as an informative brand, gave me that.

In its low cost, I got more financial freedom; through its single-ingredient offering, I got to get creative; and with science-backed descriptions, I got smarter about what I’m putting on my skin.

The Ordinary succeeded and changed how millions participate in beauty because Truaxe affirmed our skin health as more than a superficial goal.

X-Ray Cancer: What You Need to Know

We’re all exposed to radiation every day. Background radiation occurs naturally in the ground, the soil, and water. It also comes from various other natural and man-made sources.

X-rays are common medical imaging tests. They use a type of radiation called ionizing radiation. This type of radiation can lead to cancer but only in higher doses.

Medical tests that involve X-rays generally expose us to only small amounts of radiation. However, with the increase in imaging tests being used, people are becoming more concerned about radiation risks.

Ionizing radiation is classified as a human carcinogen. It can damage cells and DNA and cause cancer. However, many common imaging tests use very low doses of radiation and pose only a minimal risk when performed properly.

Experts agree that the benefits far outweigh the risks. X-rays have saved millions of lives by helping doctors diagnose, monitor, and treat many medical conditions.

What’s the risk from different types of X-ray exams?
Several types of medical imaging procedures use X-ray technology. They use an X-ray beam to view the internal structures of the body for different purposes. Each procedure poses a different associated risk depending on the type of X-ray used and the area of the body being viewed.

We’ll take a look at different types of imaging procedures and their effective dose for an average-sized adult. The dose for each X-ray is compared to the natural background radiation that we’re all exposed to daily.

Radiographs
A radiograph — commonly known simply as an X-ray — provides a quick static image of a body part. Simple X-rays use very little radiation. Studies have not found an increased risk of cancer in people who’ve received very low doses of radiation.

X-RAYS AND RADIATION DOSE
The radiation dose varies depending on the body part. Here are three examples:

Chest X-ray. 0.1 mSv, comparable to 10 days of natural background radiation
Extremity X-ray. 0.001 mSv, comparable to 3 hours of natural background radiation
Spine X-ray. 1.5 mSv, comparable to 6 months of natural background radiation
Mammograms
A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray that’s used to look for changes in breast tissue. The radiation dose from a mammogram is 0.4 mSv, which is comparable to 7 weeks of natural background radiation.

Computed tomographic (CT) scans
CT scans create 3-D pictures that allow doctors to view your organs and other tissues. They use higher doses of radiation than most other types of imaging tests, leading to an increased risk of cancer.

Experts agree that while the benefits are worth the risk, CT scans should be ordered only when medically necessary and no other lower-radiation alternatives exist. This is especially the case for children under the age of 20 because children are more sensitive to the effects of radiation and have more years to develop cancer.

The effective doses from diagnostic CT scans are estimated to range from 1 to 10 mSv, which is comparable to a few months to several years of background radiation.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans
PET scans use gamma rays, which have a higher energy than X-rays. Instead of a view of an organ, they show how an organ or system is functioning. A small amount of radioactive material is injected or swallowed before the test. PET is often combined with CT for more detailed images. This is called a PET/CT.

A PET/CT exposes you to about 25 mSv of radiation, which is equal to approximately 8 years of background radiation.

Dental X-rays
There have been concerns about the risk from radiation from dental X-rays, but the amount of radiation used by a typical dental X-ray has always been very low.

Today the radiation dose is even lower thanks to digital X-rays and more precise beams. Dental professionals also take extra measures to limit the exposure to other parts of your head and neck by using special collars and shields.

A dental X-ray uses 0.005 mSv, which equals 1 day of background radiation.

Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy provides a continuous image of your body instead of just still images. A dye is consumed or injected before the test to create a more detailed outline of your organs, arteries, and joints.

The radiation dose used during fluoroscopy is higher than many other tests because it uses continuous X-ray beams over an extended period, typically 20 to 60 minutes.

Fluoroscopy of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder uses 15 mSv, which is equal to approximately 5 years of background radiation.


How you’re protected during X-rays
Medical professionals take measures to limit the amount of radiation you’re exposed to during X-rays.

PROTECTION DURING X-RAYS
Medical professionals limit the amount of radiation you’re exposed to by:

carefully weighing the risks and benefits and only ordering tests that are considered medically necessary
opting for tests with the lowest radiation dose or finding alternatives when possible
using the lowest amount of radiation possible to get the required view
minimizing the length of fluoroscopy
using digital X-ray technology and X-ray beam filters
limiting the area being X-rayed or scanned to the smallest possible
placing shielding devices on your body to protect your organs
What are the alternatives to X-rays for medical/dental tests
An alternative may not exist depending on the type of imaging you require, but some medical tests use lower doses of radiation or no radiation at all.

Simple radiographs use the least amount of radiation, and digital X-ray even less. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not use X-rays.

Ultrasound is often used to examine the abdomen and pelvis, breasts, soft tissues, and testes. MRI is often used instead of CT scans, when available, for the head, spine, joints, and other tissues.


Children and X-rays
Imaging tests are of particular concern for children because:

children are more sensitive to radiation than adults
they have many more years to develop cancer and other issues related to radiation exposure
machines settings not properly adjusted for a child’s size can result in higher exposure levels
PROTECTING CHILDREN DURING X-RAYS
As a parent or caregiver, you can limit the amount of radiation your child is exposed to by:

only allowing X-rays or scans when there’s a clear medical benefit
avoiding repeating tests whenever possible
ask the healthcare provider if there’s another test that uses less radiation

The bottom line
Exposure to X-rays and gamma rays can lead to cancer, but medical imaging procedures have a relatively low risk. The risk of death from cancer caused by 10 mSv from an imaging test is estimated at 1 chance in 2000.

Medical professionals make every effort to limit your radiation risk during testing and the benefits of these tests far outweigh any risk. Talk to your doctor or radiologist if you have concerns about your risk.

Babur: The founder of the empire which ruled India for over 300 years

abur, the founder of the largest dynasty India has ever seen-- the Mughals, was born on February 14, 1483 . Considered as one of the finest Mughal emperors, Babur succeeded in securing the dynasty's position in Delhi after a series of sultanates failed to consolidate their seats and his empire went on to rule for over 300 years in India. He passed away on December 26 in 1530. He was 48.

We bring to you 10 facts about the Mughal emperor Babur:
1. His actual name was Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur. His name is derived from the Persian word 'Babr', which means Tiger.

2. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, a direct descendant of Turk-Mongol conqueror Timur, also known as Tamurlane. His mother was a direct descendant of Asia's conqueror Genghis Khan.

3. He ascended the throne of Fergana (now in Uzbekistan) in 1495, at the age of 12. In 1504, he conquered Kabul, which was an important citadel in Central Asia.

4. Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi, a rebel of the Lodi dynasty, in 1524, to invade North India and fight the dynasty and their enemies in Rajputana. Rajputana was ruled by a Hindu Rajput confederacy, led by Mewar king Rana Sanga.

5. In 1526, Babur won the Battle of Panipat against Ibrahim Lodi, the Lodi king. He captured Delhi and founded the greatest dynasty of North India -- the Mughal Empire.

6. He also defeated Rana Sanga, who considered Babur as a foreign invader, in the Battle of Khanwa. Rajputana became a subjugated ally of the Mughals since then.

7. There is confusion about Babur's ethnicity. Being a descendant of Timur, he considered himself as a Timurid of Turk. However, Uzbek history suggests that Babur was an ethnic Uzbek.

8. Babur claimed to be very strong and physically fit. He also claimed to have swum across every major river he encountered, including twice across the Ganges River. "I swam across the river Ganges for amusement. I counted my strokes, and found that I swam over in thirty-three strokes. I then took breath, and swam back to the other. side. I had crossed by swimming every river I had met, except only the Ganges," he noted, according to Medieval India from the Mohammedan Conquest to the Reign of Akbar the Great, written by Stanley Lane-Poole .

9. Babur was well-known for his oratory and literary skills. Although a religious person, Babur indulged in drinking. He once said, quoting a contemporary poet, "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober."

10. Till date, he is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. He wrote his autobiography, Baburnama, in Chaghatai Turkic. It was translated to Persian during the reign of his grandson Akbar.

Which Facial Works Best for My Acne

Things to consider

If you have acne, you might feel as though you’re always searching for that one cure.

Unfortunately, a facial isn’t it. But it can calm the condition.

How effective it is depends on a few things: products used, how regularly you have one, and the skill of the aesthetician.

A seasoned professional will know how to work with your individual skin type.

Here’s how to pick the right facial for your skin, what to expect during your appointment, and more.

It depends on the type of acne
Those with minor acne may find that a facial works wonders when used alongside suitable skin care products.

Those with moderate to severe acne — at least 30 lesions in total — may want to avoid facials or team them with something stronger like prescription medication.

Classic Decongesting Microdermabrasion LED Brightening Enzyme
Whiteheads X X X
Blackheads X X X
Pustules (pimples) X
Papules X
Cysts
Nodules
Atrophic or other depressed scars X X
Hypertrophic or keloid scars
Discoloration X X X X

Types of facials typically used for acne
Some facials tackle active acne while others work to diminish leftover scarring or discoloration.

Classic
What does this consist of? A few standard processes. In order, they are steaming, an exfoliating scrub, massaging, and the application of a mask. A toner and moisturizer may also be applied.
What does it do for your skin? Typically, your skin will undergo deep cleansing and exfoliation. This will allow dead skin cells to be removed and leave skin looking hydrated and more even in tone.
What type of acne does it work best for? Blackheads or whiteheads can be extracted.
What’s the average cost per session? Around $75, but this can increase to several hundred dollars.
Decongesting
What does this consist of? Essentially a classic facial with a focus on unblocking pores. An esthetician will use either their fingers or an extractor tool to remove minor breakouts.
What does it do for your skin? Blocked pores will be cleared and skin will be left smoother. However, it doesn’t target the root cause of acne, and you may need to have more than one to see significant improvement.
What type of acne does it work best for? Whiteheads and blackheads can be successfully treated. Deeper lesions like cysts and nodules shouldn’t be extracted.
What’s the average cost per session? This can range from around $70 to upwards of $200.
Microdermabrasion
What does this consist of? Microdermabrasion is a noninvasive treatment where a handheld device gently exfoliates the top layer of skin. It takes around 30 to 40 minutes after which a moisturizer is applied.
What does it do for your skin? After a short course of sessions, your skin should appear brighter and smoother and have a more even tone.
What type of acne does it work best for? Blackheads and whiteheads can be treated. Depressed scars and discoloration may also improve.
What’s the average cost per session? The average cost of one treatment was $137 in 2017.
LED
What does this consist of? Skin is cleansed before being treated with an LED machine. This emits a combination of white, red, and blue infrared light. White goes the deepest and works on the tone of the skin, red encourages the production of collagen, and blue kills off acne bacteria.
What does it do for your skin? The treatment can fight against active acne and act as an anti-inflammatory. It’s ideal for sensitive skin and the benefits should be noticeable after just one session.
What type of acne does it work best for? This kind of light therapy is mainly effective for pimples.
What’s the average cost per session? Prices can start around $35 and venture up to almost $200.
Brightening
What does this consist of? This uses a mixture of acid peels, masks, and serums containing antioxidants like vitamin C. The amount of time these are left on for depends on your skin type and condition.
What does it do for your skin? The products used aim to reduce discoloration left over from acne. This occurs by slowing melanin production, or encouraging the top layers of skin to shed. Skin texture can also be improved.
What type of acne does it work best for? Dark marks, also known as hyperpigmentation, are targeted.
What’s the average cost per session? These tend to be a little more expensive with prices starting upwards of $100.
Enzyme
What does this consist of? Enzymes are natural substances that encourage the regeneration of new skin cells. They can often be found in fruits and are incorporated into a facial peel.
What does it do for your skin? The top layer of the skin comprises dead skin cells which contain keratin protein. The enzymes in the peel break down this protein, leaving smoother and more even-colored skin.
What type of acne does it work best for? Enzyme facials are best for depressed scars or discoloration. Results can vary as enzymes require careful storage to remain stable.
What’s the average cost per session? A typical starting price is around $150.
How to find a provider
You have two options: a dermatologist or aesthetician.

A general dermatologist can deal with straightforward acne issues, while a cosmetic dermatologist specializes in more complex problems like discoloration or scarring.

Aestheticians are qualified to carry out regular facials, peels, and microdermabrasion.

A good dermatologist will be board-certified by the American Academy of Dermatology. The majority of states require aestheticians to be licensed too.

Whichever specialist you’re looking for, remember to ask them the following:

How many years of experience do you have?
How often do you carry out the procedure you’re interested in?
Can you show me before and after photos of previous clients?
Ask around and check online for recommendations. Make sure you feel comfortable and that the specialist is able to answer any questions you have.


What to expect at your appointment
Before
Make a note of any medication you’re currently taking and your usual skin care routine.

When you arrive, you should be asked to fill out a consultation form. There will be questions relating to your skin, general health, and current medication. That’s where that note comes in handy.

Make sure you answer everything as fully and honestly as you can, and don’t forget to tell your dermatologist or aesthetician of any particular concerns.

During
You’ll then be taken to the treatment room. Certain facials may require you to remove your top and bra if you wear one. The specialist will leave the room while you’re undressing.

All that’s left to do is make yourself comfortable on the bed by laying under the sheet or towel provided.

Then your facial will begin. The process will depend on the procedure that you’ve chosen. But any type will start with a good cleanse to remove makeup and dirt.

If it’s a regular kind of facial, you can expect to be in the room for around an hour. Treatments like microdermabrasion and LED therapy may take less time.

No part of the facial should feel painful. If you do experience discomfort, tell the specialist immediately.

Once the facial is over, you’ll be left alone once again to get dressed.

After
Before you leave, you’ll be given aftercare instructions and advised on how to keep your skin looking the way it now is.

Some clinics may give you the chance to buy the products that were used.

Your dermatologist or aesthetician will also advise you when it would be best to book another appointment.


Potential side effects and risks
Overly aggressive treatments can worsen acne. Be aware that vigorous exfoliation may lead to redness and swelling.

The same goes for excessive extractions. All of these side effects can and should be minimized by an experienced dermatologist or aesthetician.

Certain procedures come with a few more risks. For example, anyone with acne interested in LED therapy and microdermabrasion should consult an expert before undergoing the procedure.

If you’re taking isotretinoin or have done so in the past six months, you could develop scars after microdermabrasion.

Less common side effects of this treatment are bruising, burning, stinging, and sensitivity to sunlight.

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Aftercare and maintenance
You can live your life as you normally would after most facials. Maintaining results at home will involve incorporating certain products into your daily skin care routine.

Don’t be aggressive in your at-home approach. A gentle cleanse using products that contain little to no alcohol can help keep acne at bay. Exfoliation can be carried out once a week.

More complex procedures, such as microdermabrasion, may require you to apply sun protection afterwards. Again, the specialist will advise you of this.

If you experience another breakout, resist the temptation to squeeze. Instead, book another appointment and let the experts do their thing.

It’s usually sensible to have a treatment every two weeks or every month, depending on the severity of your acne.

If you want to DIY
You can replicate most facials at home. For the ones that don’t require a machine, stick to the following process.

Cleanse skin with a gentle non-foaming cleanser. Then, steam your face to soften the skin.
Use an AHA or BHA toner to remove debris before applying a mask or peel. Anything containing clay, like Glamglow’s Super Mud Clearing Treatment, or sulfur is good for acne.
Once the mask is off, you can extract any visible whiteheads or blackheads. Use a sterile extractor or cover your fingers with a cloth and gently press.
Moisturizing is the last step. Try a rosehip facial oil instead of a traditional cream to calm skin.
You can also attempt microdermabrasion or an LED treatment at home.

PMD’s Personal Microderm Tool takes a few minutes and can be used weekly, while Neutrogena’s Light Therapy Acne Mask combines red and blue light and can be used daily for 10 minutes.

Results and outlook
Before diving headfirst into the world of facials, book an appointment with a doctor or dermatologist. They can advise you on the best course of treatment and which facials to avoid.

With any facial, it’s important to understand that you won’t walk out of the room with clear skin.

These treatments are designed to combat acne breakouts or improve the residual effects of the condition over time. It may take more than one session before you notice an impact.

Although it’s possible to do some of the facials yourself at home, you may not get the same results as you would with a professional.

So, limit your DIY expectations, be patient, and, if in doubt, always seek professional advice.

I Have a Breast Cancer Gene. Here’s Why I’m Not Having Preventive Surgery


I have to admit, when I discovered I carry the infamous breast cancer-causing BRCA2 gene, I was floored. Although I knew, having a BRCA-positive parent, I had a 50/50 shot of being a carrier myself, I had lived for years with a sense of immunity.

Too many others in my family had already taken the fall, I thought. Even with 50 percent odds, four out of five of my maternal aunts and uncles had the gene, and my marathon-running, health-café-owning cousin had developed aggressive stage 2 breast cancer at age 32. Surely this genetic aberration had already overplayed its hand in our family.

And yet, there it was, in plain English, on my spit test results.

A pathogenic mutation was identified in the BRCA2 gene.

Translation: According to my report, I have a 74 percent risk of getting breast cancer by age 70. As I plodded through the phone call with the genetic counselor from the online testing company, it became clear I had a question to answer: What now?


I didn’t need the counselor to tell me that double mastectomy and bilateral ovary removal were a “popular” choice for those with this gene. (The BRCA genes also dramatically increases the risk of cancer of the ovaries.)

Not only did Angelina Jolie make international news with her decision for this kind of preemptive surgery, but I had also watched aunts and cousins undergo these painful procedures. And, prior to our family’s discovery of the gene, I had seen my mother suffer through an agonizing year of breast cancer diagnosis and chemotherapy.

The ball was now in my court. Would I follow the path of many of my family members — and thousands of other women — and go under the knife? Or take my chances with the future of my health? After careful consideration, I’ve come to my conclusion.


I choose — at least for now — not to pursue preventative surgery.

And here’s why.

Surgery is a big deal
I certainly don’t judge anyone who opts to surgically stop cancer before it can start, and I don’t believe most people who make this choice do so flippantly. But I’ve come to understand the enormous burden a double mastectomy and ovary removal would place on my health.

We’re not talking about getting skin tags frozen off. These are major surgeries that often come with complications. It’s an exhaustive list that can include:

skin loss
problems with wound healing
reconstruction failure
requiring a blood transfusion
Due to another health issue, I’ve already had one ovary removed, and it was one of the most traumatic experiences of my life. To remove the other would not only bring physical and emotional trauma, but would launch me into early menopause. As someone who is in their mid-30s, I’m simply not ready to face all that would entail.

I know there are many who would argue that the miseries — and potential fatality — of cancer are far worse than any potential complications of surgery, but for now, I can’t bring myself to slice away healthy, thriving parts of my body for fear of that risk.

You can still get breast cancer after double mastectomy
Even if I were to opt for surgery, a “results not guaranteed” asterisk underlies the procedure. Although it might seem like removing the site of potential mutation would eliminate the possibility of cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, the surgery is 90 to 95 percent effective—not 100 percent. Good odds, yes, but not perfect.


I believe in lifestyle as prevention
Maybe it’s just because I’m a nutritionist by profession, but I have great faith in the power of lifestyle to prevent disease. Research abounds to show that a healthy diet, regular exercise, and limited alcohol consumption all play a major role in reducing the risk of breast cancer. Knowing I’m predisposed toward breast cancer actually motivates me to stay on top of healthy habits more than I would otherwise.

I find I’m more mindful about working in a yoga practice or deciding whether to have a second glass of wine. These choices may not completely outpace my cancer odds, but I believe they mitigate them. After all, about 30 percent of women with this gene don’t end up with breast cancer. A healthy lifestyle could make me one of them.

I believe in rapidly advancing science
Cancer research is one of the top-funded, most rapidly advancing fields of medical study. And from all indications, the science is making tremendous progress. From 1975 to 2012, five-year survival rates for women with breast cancer rose from 75 percent to 91 percent.

New therapies emerge all the time, from innovative drugs to targeted immunotherapies. Who knows what advances might be made in the next 5, 10, or 20 years? I feel confident that the options available to me in the future may be less invasive than surgery.

I still have time
According to the genetic counselor I spoke with, most BRCA carriers are advised to have surgery by age 40 if they are to have the best chance at preventing cancer. At 36, I’m staring down the barrel toward that critical birthday.

Still, even at 40, according to my results report, I only have a 17 percent chance of developing the disease. And while my risk increases with each decade of life, at this stage, I don’t feel the need to rush to surgical prevention.

The bottom line
It can be disturbing when I let myself think about how a mutation, that could suddenly set cancer in motion, lurks inside my body. I sometimes have the image of a ticking time bomb in my bra, or a creepy gremlin waiting to pop out of my chest, “Alien”-style. It’s not a pleasant thought. And, with my ever-increasing odds, there may come a time when I feel differently about surgical intervention.

For now, though, I simply try to live as healthy as possible. I eat fruits and vegetables, I go for my morning run, I limit my alcohol intake. And I hope for the day when preventative cancer treatment won’t require surgery.

Sarah Garone, NDTR, is a nutritionist, freelance health writer, and food blogger. She lives with her husband and three children in Mesa, Arizona. Find her sharing down-to-earth health and nutrition info and (mostly) healthy recipes at A Love Letter to Food.









The Ultimate Guide to Bitters

Not just for cocktails

Bitters is — as the name implies — an infusion that’s created from predominantly bitter ingredients. These ingredients comprise aromatics and botanicals that can include any combination of herbs, roots, bark, fruit, seeds, or flowers.

If you’ve visited a cocktail lounge lately, you’ve probably noticed additions like Angostura bitters on the mixed drink menu. But you can find bitters everywhere from the bar to the medicine cabinet.

While bitters are a trendy craft cocktail component, that’s not what they first started as. And it’s certainly not all that they are.

This apothecary staple was first marketed in the 1700s as a remedy for common ailments such as digestion irregularities. Medicinal herbs and botanicals were preserved in alcohol and touted as a cure-all.

Throughout the next few centuries, bitters would be used for everything from a stimulant for the troops in the 1800s to a proposed treatment for malaria before making their way to the modern happy hour menu.

Now, with emerging science to back up the benefits, bitters have once again gained popularity for aiding digestive health, curbing sugar cravings, boosting the immune system, and even easing stress.

This guide will review exactly how bitter ingredients affect our health, who can benefit from bitters, and how to make them at home.

The health benefits for bitters
How is simply eating something bitter-tasting better for your health?

Scientists label bitter as one of the seven basic tastes.

Our body contains tons of receptors (T2Rs) for bitter compounds in not only our mouth and tongue, but our stomach, gut, liver, and pancreas.

This is mostly for protective reasons. Our bitter receptors are built as a “warning” to our body, as most dangerous and poisonous things are highly bitter tasting.

The stimulation of these bitter receptors promotes healthy digestion by increasing digestive secretions. This leads to better absorption of nutrients, natural detoxification of the liver, and — thanks to the gut-brain connection — bitters can even have a positive effect on stress.

But remember, bitters are not a primary treatment. Think of them as a health boost to help the body run more smoothly — from kick-starting the digestive tract to boosting the immune system. They shouldn’t replace any treatment a doctor has prescribed.

Digestion and gut benefits
When your digestion needs a little support, bitters can facilitate stomach acid and act as a digestive aid.

This can not only ease indigestion, but also heartburn, nausea, cramping, bloating, and gas.

Bitters for digestion and gut health
gentian
dandelion
wormwood
burdock
Immune and inflammation benefits
Burdock is an inflammation fighter that has been shown to have positive effects in people with osteoarthritis.

Paired with common additions, like ginger and turmeric, bitters can become an immune-boosting powerhouse.

The anti-inflammatory compounds in these ingredients have powerful antioxidant effects to protect the body from autoimmune diseases.

Bitters for immune function and inflammation
Oregon grape
barberry
angelica
chamomile
Sugar and appetite control benefits
Curb sugar cravings quickly with the help of bitters, which help counter the brain receptors that drive us to consume sweets.

Bitters can promote overall healthy eating habits and control overeating. Consuming bitter foods stimulates the production of PYY and GLP-1 hormones, which help control and suppress the appetite.

Bitters for sugar and appetite control
artichoke leaf
citrus peel
licorice root
gentian root
Liver health benefits
Certain bittering agents help support the liver at fulfilling its main job: removing toxins from the body and regulating our metabolic processes.

Bitters give the liver a boost by aiding in the elimination of toxins and detoxification, coordinating the metabolism of sugar and fats, and helping release gallbladder-supporting hormones like cholecystokinin (CCK).

Bitters for sugar and appetite control
artichoke leaf
silymarin
dandelion root
chicory root
Bitters can also have a positive effect on blood sugar levels, healthy skin, and stress.

Common bittering agents and aromatics and what they can be used for
Bittering agents
Dandelion root is a powerful antioxidant that can reduce inflammation.
Artichoke leaf contains the flavonoid silymarin, a powerful liver protectant, and has been shown to help liver cells regenerate (in mice).
Chicory root aids in digestion and bowel function and can help regulate blood sugar.
Gentian root contains cancer-fighting compounds and is used to relieve indigestion, loss of appetite, and heartburn.
Wormwood aids in overall digestion and can help increase appetite.
Licorice root is anti-inflammatory, boosts the immune system, and can soothe digestive issues.
Wild cherry bark boosts the immune system and is shown to have an anti-proliferative effect on colon cancer cells.
Burdock root is an antioxidant powerhouse that detoxes the blood and helps remove toxins.
Black walnut leaf contains tannins which aid in inflammation and is considered beneficial to skin health.
Devil’s club root is used as a treatment for respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal issues.
Angelica root is used for heartburn, intestinal gas, loss of appetite, and improved circulation.
Sarsaparilla can improve overall liver function (as shown in rats) and has positive effects on certain skin conditions and arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Other bittering agents may include:

Oregon grape root
mugwort
orris root
calamus root
barberry root
cinchona bark
horehound
quassia bark
Aromatics
Aromatics can add flavor, fragrance, sweetness, and balance to bitters. Some aromatics even come with potent health benefits, such as turmeric, citrus, and lavender.

Here are some aromatics typically used to make bitters:

Herbs and flowers: mint, sage, lemongrass, peppermint, sorrel, lavender, chamomile, hibiscus, passionflower, yarrow, rose, milk thistle, and valerian
Spices: cinnamon, cassia, turmeric, cloves, cardamom, chiles, fennel, ginger, nutmeg, juniper berries, star anise, vanilla beans, and peppercorns
Fruit: citrus peels and dried fruit
Nuts and beans: nuts, coffee beans, cocoa beans, and cocoa nibs

The basics of ingesting, creating, and experimenting
You only need a few drops
Bitters are very potent, and dosing and frequency will vary on what you’re using them for. But often a few drops will do.

You can take them internally either by placing a few drops from a tincture on the tongue or diluting with another liquid, such as sparkling water or in cocktails.

When you take it might matter though: If your goal of using bitters is to ease digestive issues, consumption should occur either directly before or after meals.

How often you take them differs for everyone. While you can use bitters at low doses as part of your daily routine, you may find that bitters help you when used as needed.

In the beginning, it’s best to start with small doses of bitters before assessing its effectiveness and your body’s reaction.

Before you make your own, learn the basics
Bitters contain two things: bitter ingredients and a carrier, which is typically alcohol (although we’ll also review nonalcoholic bitters further below). Aromatics and spices may also be added to bitters.

Common bittering agents include:
dandelion root
artichoke leaf
wormwood
burdock root
gentian root
angelica root
Spices, botanicals, and herbs are added as flavoring agents but in some cases they also provide additional benefits (i.e. lavender in a stress-relief bitters).

These aromatics — to name a few — can include:
cinnamon
chamomile
vanilla
dried fruit
nuts
cocoa or coffee beans
hibiscus
mint
ginger
turmeric
peppercorns
juniper berries
anise
THE RATIO
The best thing about bitters is that you can really experiment. While there’s no set-in-stone ratio for bitters, the general proportion is typically 1 part bittering agents to 5 parts alcohol (1:5). Botanicals and aromatics are generally a 1:2 ratio to bitters or equal parts.
Here’s what you need to make and store bitters at home
To make and store bitters properly, the following tools and equipment are needed:

a mason jar or other container with a tight-fitting lid
glass dropper bottles, if making tinctures
measuring cups and spoons, or a scale
spice grinder, or mortar and pestle
a fine-mesh strainer (cheesecloth may also be used)
a funnel
labels
Can it be alcohol-free?
Bitters is traditionally and most commonly made with alcohol. Alcohol used to make bitters is typically between 40-50 percent ABV. Alcohol helps extract as much as possible from the bittering agents, while also preserving the shelf life of the bitters.

The amount of alcohol in a single dose of bitters is very minimal. However, you can still make bitters without alcohol.

Bitters can be made with glycerin, a liquid sugar, or with a nonalcoholic spirit like SEEDLIP.

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How to create your own bitters
Making your own bitters doesn’t have to be intimidating. Actually, it’s easier, more hands-off, and takes less effort than most realize.

About 90 percent of making your own bitters will be waiting for it to be ready, as bitters takes a few weeks to infuse. Let’s learn the basics of bitters in this step-by-step DIY guide.

A snapshot at creating your own recipes
If you have an idea of what you want to put together, you can follow these instructions.

Directions:
Combine bittering agents, aromatics (if using), and alcohol using a basic 1:5 ratio of bittering agents to alcohol.
Place the bitters in clean glass jars with a tight-fitting lid (mason jars work well).
Label the bitters.
Store the bitters in a cool, dry place, like a cupboard.
Shake the jar of bitters daily.
Infuse the bitters for several weeks. The length of time needed will depend on the ingredients used. You can infuse bitters for as little as 5 days for milder bitters, or up to 3 weeks.
Strain your mixture using a cheesecloth or fine mesh strainer.
Bottle your bitters in containers or tinctures.
Fresh or dried herbs and botanicals can be used. If using fresh, aim for a 1:2 ratio of ingredients to alcohol and if using dried, stick with the 1:5 standard (or less).

Six recipes to start with:
liver-balancing bitters
stress-relieving bitters
inflammation-fighting bitters
immune-boosting bitters
digestive bitters
sugar-curbing bitters
The alcohol
Use alcohol with a 40-50 percent ABV. Vodka is a great choice because of its clean, neutral flavor, but bourbon, rum, or rye also work.

To make bitters alcohol-free, use a nonalcoholic spirit such as SEEDLIP. But note that alcohol-free bitters have shorter shelf lives. Since alcohol is a natural preservative, the higher the alcohol content in bitters, the longer the shelf life will be.

Infuse time
Bitters should infuse for five days to two weeks. The longer bitters infuse, the stronger they’ll be.

You should let your bitters sit until it develops a prominent, potent flavor and smells very fragrant. To make your bitters even stronger, infuse for four weeks.

Where to buy
Purchase the herbs and bittering agents for your homemade bitters easily online from websites like Mountain Rose Herbs.

If you’re not ready to take the plunge into DIY bitters just yet, there are many companies making bitters.

Popular brands you can buy from:
Urban Moonshine offers Digestive Bitters, Healthy Liver Bitters, and Calm Tummy Bitters. ($18.99/2 oz)
Flora Health makes alcohol-free Swedish bitters. ($11.99/3.4 oz)
Scrappy’s Bitters offers a vast variety of bitters, from lavender to celery, for cocktails and beyond. ($17.99/5 oz)
Angostura Bitters is one of the oldest makers of bitters still around today. ($22/16 oz)
THE GENERAL COST OF BITTERS
The cost of making your own bitters will vary by the herbs and bittering agents you’re using. The most common bittering agents (burdock root, artichoke leaf, angelica, dandelion root, and gentian) average $2.50-$5 per ounce.

Who shouldn’t take bitters
Bitters should be avoided by people with certain health conditions or anyone who’s pregnant. Bitters may also interact with certain medications and should not be used by children.

Always speak with your doctor about possible interactions of medicinal herbs and plants with your current medication.

Examples of side effects or complications include:
Burdock root may have a moderate effect on anticoagulants and diabetes medications.
Dandelion may interfere with the absorption of antibiotics.
Artichoke leaf should not be used by those with gallstones as it may increase bile flow.
Angelica root, yarrow, mugwort, and passionflower (among others) should not be used by pregnant women as it may cause harmful uterine contractions, miscarriage, or premature labor.
Wormwood shouldn’t be used by those with kidney disorder or a history of seizures.
Gentian root shouldn’t be used by those with low blood pressure.
Those with allergies or sensitivities to certain plants, flowers, or herb families should avoid bitters containing them.

You can eat your bitters too
While bitters aren’t the magical cure-all they were once marketed as, they certainly have their benefits.

If waiting and making your own bitters doesn’t sound like your ideal way to spend time, you can also gain similar benefits by simply eating bitter foods.

The benefit of bitters can be found in these foods:

bitter melon
dandelion greens
cranberries
broccoli
arugula
kale
radicchio
endive
Brussels sprouts
dark chocolate

The Short History of Plants as Medicine

In a time where we’re looking to soothe ourselves with no strings attached, plants have our back. That’s why we’ve put together Plants as Medicine: a series of expert-vetted advice to help you embrace your inner herbalist spirit and explore how to boost your physical and mental health through plant’s natural healing legacy.

To begin, we asked Sade Musa — folk herbalist — to share a little about the history of remedies and ancestral practices.

This is by no means a comprehensive history. It’s just a humble seed we’re planting to remind ourselves of the traditions that have come before us, and to respect all the remedies that live around us.

Most of our ancestors came from animistic cultures, which believed that all things — including plants — hold a spirit.

And this is also true today: Indigenous people worldwide still revere much of the natural world as sacred, and safeguard the plant spirits within — as is still done today in the sacred groves of Africa.


For much of humankind, possessing plant knowledge, or having access to a person who did, made the difference between life and death. In fact, the majority of the world still relies on traditional medicine, and even in industrialized countries, folk remedies are still used to treat illness every day.

Only recently have we lost this primal connection to the natural world.

Is it a surprise then, in these modern times and growing options of medical technology, that there’s a rising movement to restore ancient plant-based healing practices?


We know, access to healthcare is not easy: Medical costs are skyrocketing, leaving many to grapple with high prices. Others also face difficulties accessing quality care due to their race or gender and are eager for options outside of the mainstream medical system.

While they do require responsible use to avoid interactions with other treatments prescribed by your doctor, herbal medicine might be a more accessible solution for managing some chronic conditions.

Exploring Plants as Medicine:
The Short History of Plants as Medicine
A Love Letter to Lavender
9 of Nature’s Most Powerful Plants
The Ultimate Guide to Bitters
3 DIY Bath Soaks for Pain and Inflammation Relief
A Beginner’s Guide to Making Herbal Salves and Lotions
My Favorite Healing Plant for Health and Wellness
How to Grow, Harvest, and Dry Your Own Fresh Herbal Teas
How Gardening Helps My Anxiety and 4 Steps to Get Started
The art of herbal medicine isn’t completely lost
Our ancestors went to great lengths to retain their knowledge of medicinal and edible plants so that we may continue to use it.

Enslaved Africans risked their very safety to smuggle plants of cultural, spiritual, and medical importance during the Middle Passage.

The Irish labored to protect their own ancient herbal legacies against the destruction of repeated invasions.

It’s a testament to the resilience of people that they preserved their healing traditions, despite being faced with incredible hardship such as forced migration from their motherlands.

For some, their histories go farther back than any textbook cares to mention, and their herbal knowledge has been passed down through oral tradition.


So why does it seem like these practices have disappeared?
Due to western science relying too heavily on written documentation, many of these traditions — particularly ones passed orally — were ignored.

On top of that, colonialism built a medical industrial complex through often violent means of cultural suppression, erasure, and exploitation. The rise of the patriarchy also authorized only white male physicians to practice and define medicine for the world.

This came at the cost of folk healing practices by women and racialized peoples. (As the primary practitioners and healers, women have long held central roles in medicine — hence the initiation of witch hunts in Europe that lasted several hundred years and largely targeted women folk healers.)

Many cultures found themselves driven underground, their historical contributions denied, and their cultural context erased and commercialization.

In the United States, where the renown herbal traditions of enslaved Africans made them the preferred doctors, slave codes restricted Black healing ways even as they became absorbed into a wider medical practice — such as when it was discovered that cotton root bark was being used by enslaved women on plantations for reproductive control.

We can also trace how the history of herbal medicine is erased by looking at how schools teach medicinal history.

Despite claims that philosophers’ thoughts materialized in a vacuum, European medical knowledge systems owe a great deal of their existence to interactions with other civilizations.

For example, many of the accomplishments of Ancient Greeks and other European men for modern medicine happened by “discovering” the knowledge of others.

Hippocrates, who’s still quoted as the Father of Medicine, likely studied the writings of the Egyptian physician Imhotep, who academics now consider the true father of medicine. Other Greek scholars studied in Egypt or copied from works such as the Ebers Papyrus.

The Renaissance was sparked by Arabs bringing African and Eastern knowledge into Arab-ruled Spain, from where it diffused into the rest of Europe.

Not crediting those who play a role can have a detrimental effect, especially on non-Europeans. It also sets the stage for hundreds of years of capitalistic exploitation, which comes full circle today.

In advertisement after advertisement, we see modern wellness brands responding to the revival of natural medicine by creating a multibillion dollar industry.

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They have turned plants like turmeric, hoodia, moringa, and ayahuasca — foods and medicines first used by people in Asia, Africa, and the Americas — into superfoods and miracle cures.

Recently, news outlets highlighted how white sage (salvia apiana), an ancestral plant of indigenous peoples of Mexico/Southwest USA, was being commercially exploited at the expense of the people from its native lands.

Following plants trends and rituals that don’t come from your personal lineage harms those who rely on such plants, especially colonized people, and the plants themselves (by overharvesting). Moreover, this routine does a disservice to your health.

There’s no reason to chase plant wisdom outside your lineage for meaning. There are many other species of sage which grow throughout the world, that might have been held dear by your ancestors. And we miss out on a chance for a more genuine connection with plants already deeply rooted in our family histories by following plant trends that fall outside our lineage.

So as you start your own plant journey:
Honor your ancestors’ legacy, their journeys and sacrifices, by reconnecting to the traditions they fought dearly to keep.

Don’t wait for the validation of others to rekindle a closeness with nature, or before reclaiming the plants and medicine from your ancestral lands.

Begin today a journey of uncovering the true plant stories of your ancestors, ones not biased by modern trends, and you just may learn more about yourself than you had ever hoped for.

Sade Musa is a folk herbalist, wellness educator, and activist. She founded Roots of Resistance, a project aiming to reconnect people with their ancestral healing practices, and address health injustices impacting marginalized communities. You can learn more about her work by following her on Facebook or Instagram.









Everything You Need to Know About ADHD

Is ADHD a disability?

ADHD and depression
Tips for coping
Outlook
What is ADHD?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that can cause above-normal levels of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. People with ADHD may also have trouble focusing their attention on a single task or sitting still for long periods of time.

Both adults and children can have ADHD. It’s a diagnosis recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Learn about types of ADHD and symptoms in both children and adults.

ADHD symptoms
A wide range of behaviors are associated with ADHD. Some of the more common ones include:

having trouble focusing or concentrating on tasks
being forgetful about completing tasks
being easily distracted
having difficulty sitting still
interrupting people while they’re talking
If you or your child has ADHD, you may have some or all of these symptoms. The symptoms you have depend on the type of ADHD you have. Explore a list of ADHD symptoms common in children.

Types of ADHD
To make ADHD diagnoses more consistent, the APA has grouped the condition into three categories, or types. These types are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive, and a combination of both.

Predominantly inattentive
As the name suggests, people with this type of ADHD have extreme difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.

Experts also think that many children with the inattentive type of ADHD may not receive a proper diagnosis because they don’t tend to disrupt the classroom. This type is most common among girls with ADHD.

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
People with this type of ADHD show primarily hyperactive and impulsive behavior. This can include fidgeting, interrupting people while they’re talking, and not being able to wait their turn.

Although inattention is less of a concern with this type of ADHD, people with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD may still find it difficult to focus on tasks.

Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive type
This is the most common type of ADHD. People with this combined type of ADHD display both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. These include an inability to pay attention, a tendency toward impulsiveness, and above-normal levels of activity and energy.

The type of ADHD you or your child has will determine how it’s treated. The type you have can change over time, so your treatment may change, too. Learn more about the three types of ADHD.


ADD vs. ADHD
You may have heard the terms “ADD” and “ADHD” and wondered what the difference is between them.

ADD, or attention deficit disorder, is an outdated term. It was previously used to describe people who have problems paying attention but aren’t hyperactive. The type of ADHD called predominantly inattentive is now used in place of ADD.

ADHD is the current overarching name of the condition. The term ADHD became official in May 2013, when the APA released the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). This manual is what doctors refer to when making diagnoses for mental health conditions. Get a better understanding of the difference between ADD and ADHD.

Adult ADHD
More than 60 percent of children with ADHD still exhibit symptoms as adults. But for many people, ADHD symptoms decrease or become less frequent as they get older.

That said, treatment is important. Untreated ADHD in adults can have a negative impact on many aspects of life. Symptoms such as trouble managing time, forgetfulness, and impatience can cause problems at work, home, and in all types of relationships. Find out more about the signs and symptoms of ADHD in adults and how they can impact your life.


ADHD in children
One in 10 children between ages 5 to 17 years receives an ADHD diagnosis, making this one of the most common childhood mental disorders in the United States. For children, ADHD is generally associated with problems at school. Children with ADHD often have trouble succeeding in a controlled classroom setting.

Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to receive an ADHD diagnosis. This may be because boys tend to exhibit hallmark symptoms of hyperactivity. Although some girls with ADHD may have the classic symptoms of hyperactivity, many don’t. In many cases, girls with ADHD may:

daydream frequently
have anxiety
have depression
be hyper-talkative rather than hyperactive
be overemotional
Many symptoms of ADHD can be typical childhood behaviors, so it can be hard to know what’s ADHD-related and what’s not. Learn more about how to recognize ADHD in toddlers.


What causes ADHD?
Despite how common ADHD is, doctors and researchers still aren’t sure what causes the condition. It’s believed to have neurological origins. Genetics may also play a role.

Research suggests that a reduction in dopamine is a factor in ADHD. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that helps move signals from one nerve to another. It plays a role in triggering emotional responses and movements.

Other research suggests a structural difference in the brain. Findings indicate that people with ADHD have less gray matter volume. Gray matter includes the brain areas that help with:

speech
self-control
decision-making
muscle control
Researchers are still studying potential causes of ADHD, such as smoking during pregnancy. Find out more about the potential causes and risk factors of ADHD.

ADHD testing and diagnosis
There’s no single test that can tell if you or your child has ADHD. A recent study highlighted the benefits of a new test to diagnose adult ADHD, but many clinicians believe an ADHD diagnosis can’t be made based on one test.

To make a diagnosis, your doctor will assess any symptoms you or your child has had over the previous six months. Your doctor will likely gather information from teachers or family members and use checklists and rating scales to review symptoms. They’ll also do a physical exam to check for other health problems. Learn more about ADHD rating scales and what they can and cannot do.

If you suspect that you or your child has ADHD, talk to your doctor about getting an evaluation. For your child, you can also talk to a counselor at their school. Schools regularly assess children for problems that may be affecting their educational performance.

For the assessment, provide your doctor or counselor with notes and observations about you or your child’s behavior. If they suspect ADHD, they may refer you or your child to an ADHD specialist. Depending on the diagnosis, they may also suggest an appointment with a psychiatrist or neurologist.

ADHD treatment
Treatment for ADHD typically includes behavioral therapies, medication, or both.

Types of therapy include psychotherapy, or talk therapy. With talk therapy, you or your child will discuss how ADHD affects your life and ways to help you manage it. Another therapy type is behavioral therapy. This therapy can help children or adults with ADHD learn how to monitor and manage their behavior.

Medication can also be very helpful for a child or adult with ADHD. Medications for ADHD are designed to affect brain chemicals in a way that enables you to better control impulses and actions. Find out more about treatment options and behavioral interventions that can help ease ADHD symptoms.

ADHD medication
The two main types of medications used to treat ADHD are stimulants and nonstimulants.

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are the most commonly prescribed ADHD medications. These drugs work by increasing the amounts of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. Examples of these drugs include methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-based stimulants (Adderall).

If stimulants don’t work well for you or your child, or if they cause troublesome side effects, your doctor may suggest a nonstimulant medication. Certain nonstimulant medications work by increasing levels of norepinephrine in the brain. These medications include atomoxetine (Strattera) and antidepressants such as nortriptyline (Pamelor).

ADHD medications can have many benefits, as well as side effects. Learn more about medication options for adults with ADHD.

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Natural remedies for ADHD
In addition to — or instead of — medication, several remedies have been suggested to help improve ADHD symptoms.

For starters, following a healthy lifestyle may help you or your child manage ADHD symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following:

Eat a healthy, balanced diet.
Get at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day.
Get plenty of sleep.
Limit daily screen time from phones, computers, and TV.
Studies have also shown that yoga, tai chi, and spending time outdoors can help calm overactive minds and may ease ADHD symptoms. Mindfulness meditation is another option. Research in adults and teens has shown meditation to have positive effects on attention and thought processes, as well as on anxiety and depression.

Avoiding certain allergens and food additives are also potential ways to help reduce ADHD symptoms. Learn more about these and other nondrug approaches to addressing ADHD.

Is ADHD a disability?
While ADHD is a mental disorder, it’s not considered a learning disability. However, ADHD symptoms can make it harder for you to learn. Also, people with ADHD often have learning disabilities.

To help relieve any impact on learning for children, teachers can map out individual guidelines for a student with ADHD. This may include allowing extra time for assignments and tests or developing a personal reward system.

Although it’s not technically a disability, ADHD can have lifelong effects. Learn more about the potential impacts of ADHD on adults and children and resources that can help.

ADHD and depression
If you or your child has ADHD, you’re more likely to have depression as well. In fact, the rate of major depression in children with ADHD is more than five times higher than in children without ADHD. And up to 31 percent of adults with ADHD have been found to also have depression.

This may feel like an unfair double whammy, but know that treatments are available for both conditions and the treatments often overlap. Talk therapy can help treat both conditions. Also, certain antidepressants, such as bupropion, can sometimes help ease ADHD symptoms.

Of course, having ADHD doesn’t guarantee that you’ll have depression, but it’s important to know it’s a possibility. Find out more about the link between ADHD and depression.

Tips for coping with ADHD
If you or your child has ADHD, a consistent schedule with structure and regular expectations may be helpful. For adults, using lists, keeping a calendar, and setting reminders are good ways to help you get and stay organized. For children, it can be helpful to focus on writing down homework assignments and keeping everyday items, such as toys and backpacks, in assigned spots.

Learning more about the disorder in general can also help you learn how to manage it. Organizations like Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder or the Attention Deficit Disorder Association provide tips for management as well as the latest research.

Your doctor can provide more guidance in ways to manage your ADHD symptoms. Here are tips for helping your child with ADHD manage daily tasks and activities, from getting ready for school in the morning to applying for college.